The MTC3600 is essentially an updated version of the 6809 controller. I can't recite any of the feature improvements but it's all new hardware. I don't think it improves on much other than just bringing all the components and interface up to date. An IntelliRepeater can only be used as a network site in a SmartZone network (or setup 'standalone' with NO controller with very basic features). So it's not even an option for the 6809 or MTC.

• Motorola 6809 Instruction Set

I'm not sure what you're trying to do but there's nothing wrong with running a Quantar with a 6809. Kuncunk 11:34 PM.

Thank you for suggestion. Actually i have already done following task: 1. Disconnected 10 base T ( bnc jumper between quantar ) 2. Connected db-15 ( quantar J14 ) to RJ-45 ( MTC3600 ) pin assignment db-25 RJ-45 19 1 22 2 12 3 25 4 13 5 11 6 23 7 24 8 3. Reprogram quantar as smartnet ( 6809 controller ) and afew parameter of course And the result is still not working, we can see from ACE board there is no communication between quantar and MTC3600.

I just wondering because in the manual quantar is supported MTC3600. In my opinion there is some thing wrong with the jumper connection ( pin assignment ) between quantar and MTC3600, Do you have any idea? LuisR 10:37 PM. Thank you very much for explanation. But still i have a problem, if we want to replace controller 6809 with MTC3600 and connected to non ir quantar, can we do that? Or what should we do? Could you give suggestion please?

Hi mas Kuncunk You should replace the SCM board of your Quantar with CLN1293 so you can connect to MTC3600 SmartNet controller and you must adjust low data speed fsk modulation on your Quantar until in the right shape ( see Quantar manual ) Semoga berhasil kuncunk 8:53 PM.

. 40-pin The Motorola 6809 (' sixty-eight-oh-nine') is an with some features from. It was designed by Terry Ritter and Joel Boney and introduced in 1978. It was a major advance over both its predecessor, the, and the related. Among the systems to use the 6809 are the home computers, the home console, and early 1980s arcade machines including,.

The 6809 was, by design, the first microprocessor for which it was possible to write fully position-independent code and fully reentrant code in a simple and straightforward way, without using difficult programming tricks. It was also one of the first microprocessors to implement a hardware multiplication instruction, and it features full 16-bit arithmetic and an especially fast system.

6809 programming model, showing the Among the significant enhancements introduced in the 6809 were the use of two 8-bit (A and B, which could be combined into a single, D), two 16-bit (X, Y) and two 16-bit. The index and stack registers allowed advanced. Relative addressing allowed for the easy creation of, while a user stack pointer (U) facilitated the creation of code. The 6809 was assembler with the 6800, though the 6800 had 78 instructions to the 6809's 59. Some instructions were replaced by more general ones which the translated into equivalent operations and some were even replaced.

The and register complement were highly, making the 6809 easier to program than the 6800 or 6502. Like the 6800, the 6809 included an undocumented address bus test instruction which came to be nicknamed. Unlike many processors of the day that used a architecture (such as 68000), the 6809 was more similar to early simple CPU designs (and to some degree also the machines that appeared in the mid 1970s and onwards). Like most 8-bit microprocessors, the 6809 implementation could be viewed as a (RTL) machine, using a large to implement the and a to gate the latches. Although this meant fewer clock cycles per instruction, compared to the for instance, the latter's higher resolution state machine allowed clock frequencies 3-5 times as high without demanding faster memory chips, which was often the limiting factor. This is because the Z80 combines two full (but short) clock cycles into a relatively long memory access period compared to the clock, while the more asynchronous 6809 instead has relatively short memory access times: depending on version and speed grade, approximately 60% of a single clock cycle was typically available for memory access in a 6809 (see data sheets).

The 6809 had an internal two-phase clock generator (needing only an external crystal) whereas the 6809E needed an external clock generator. There were also variants such as the 68A09(E) and 68B09(E); the internal letter indicates the processor's rated clock speed.

Of Motorola 6809 The Motorola 6809 was originally produced in 1, 1.5 MHz (68A09) and 2 MHz (68B09) speed ratings. Faster versions were produced later by Hitachi. With little to improve, the 6809 marks the end of the evolution of Motorola's 8-bit processors; Motorola intended that future 8-bit products would be based on an 8-bit data bus version of the 68000 (the ). A micro-controller version with a slightly modified instruction set, the, was discontinued as late as the second decade of the 21st century. The 6809 is sometimes considered to be the conceptual precursor of the family of processors, though this is mostly a misunderstanding: the 6809 and 68000 design projects ran partly in parallel, and the two CPUs have quite differing architectures as well as radically different implementation principles. However, there is a certain amount of design philosophy similarity (e.g., considerable orthogonality and flexible addressing modes) and also some syntax resemblance as well as opcode mnemonic similarity.

Notwithstanding the common elements, the 6809 is a derivative of the 6800, whereas the 68000 was a totally new design. The 6809 design team believed that future system integrators would look to off-the-shelf code in ROMs to handle common tasks.

In order to speed time to market, common code modules would be purchased, rather than developed in-house, and integrated into systems with code from other manufacturers. An example of standard ROM code might be binary arithmetic, which is a common requirement in many systems. Drawing routines for graphics primitives, Lempel-Ziv data compression and decompression, and string searching (e.g. By the ) are other potential content for standard ROM modules. For yet another example, Motorola's official programming manual contains the full listing of assist09, a so-called, a miniature operating system intended to be burned in ROM.

Since the programmer of a common code module could hardly guarantee where this code would be located in a future system, the 6809 design focused heavily on support of code that can be freely located anywhere in the memory map without modification. The 6809 design also focused on supporting code, code that can be called from various different programs concurrently without concern for coordination between them, or that can recursively call itself. The design team's prediction was, in reality, incorrect, as the market for ROM modules never materialized: Motorola's only released example of a ROM'd software module was the MC6839 floating-point ROM. (The industry solved the problem of integrating code modules from multiple separate sources by using automatic relocating linkers and loaders—which is still the solution used today—instead of using relocatable ROM modules.) However, the decisions made by the design team yielded a very powerful processor and made possible advanced operating systems like and, which took advantage of the position-independence, re-entrancy orientated nature of the 6809 to create multi-user multitasking operating systems. The was an enhanced version of the 6809 with extra registers and additional instructions, including block move, additional multiply instructions and hardware-implemented division.

It was used in unofficially-upgraded Tandy Color Computer 3 computers and a version of OS-9 was written to take advantages of the 6309's extra features:. Motorola spun off its microprocessor division in 2004. The division changed its name to Freescale and has subsequently been acquired. In fall 2016, and NXP announced that they would merge. As of spring 2018 the planned merger had yet to occur, and in July 2018, the Chinese merger authority did not approve the acquisition before the deadline set by Qualcomm; it was effectively canceled on 26 July 2018. Neither Motorola nor Hitachi produce 6809 processors or derivatives anymore. 6809 cores are available in and can be programmed into an FPGA and used as an embedded processor with speed ratings up to 40 MHz.

Motorola 6809 Instruction Set

Some 6809 opcodes also live on in the embedded processors. In 2015, Freescale authorized to start manufacturing the MC6809 once again as a drop-in replacement and copy of the original NMOS device. Freescale supplied the original GDS2 physical design database. At the end of 2016, Rochester's MC6809 (including the MC68A09, and MC68B09) is fully qualified and available in production.

Vectrex home video game console The 6809 was used in Commodore's dual-CPU computer, and, in its 68A09 incarnation, in the unique vector graphics based home with built-in screen display, and was also used in the Milton Bradley Expansion (MBX) system (an arcade console for use with the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A home computer). The 6809E was featured in the, the, 3 and 4 computers (as an optional alternative to their standard ), the, the, the -made home computers, and the, etc. Bus systems, in addition to several of Motorola's own and development systems. In France, produced a series of micro-computers based on the 6809E (, TO7/70, TO8, TO8D, TO9, TO9Plus, MO6, MO5E and MO5NR). In addition to home computers and game consoles, the 6809 was also used in a number of arcade games released during the early to mid-1980s. Was an especially prolific user of the processor, which was deployed in arcade hits such as,.

Williams also used the processor in many of its machines; the 6809 CPU formed the core of the successful. The KONAMI-1 was a modified 6809 used by in various arcade games such as,. The 6809 CPU was also used in controllers made in the 1980s by several different manufacturers. Software development company developed the original operating system (not to be confused with the more recent ) for the 6809, later porting it to the 68000 and i386 series of microprocessors.

Series II of the (computer musical instrument) used dual 6809 CPUs and OS9, and also used one 6809 CPU per voice card. The 6809 was often employed in music synthesizers from other manufacturers such as Oberheim (Xpander, Matrix 6/12/1000), PPG (Wave 2/2.2/2.3, Waveterm A), and Ensoniq (Mirage sampler, SDP-1, ESQ1, SQ80). The latter used the 6809E as their main CPU. The (E) version was used in order to synchronize the microprocessor's clock to the sound chip (Ensoniq 5503 DOC) in those machines; in the ESQ1 and SQ80 the 68B09E was used, requiring a dedicated arbiter logic in order to ensure 1 MHz bus timing when accessing the DOC chip.

Produced its own 6809-based machines, the MB6890 and later the S1. These were primarily for the Japanese market, but some were exported to and sold in. There the MB6890 was dubbed the 'Peach', probably in ironic reference to the popularity of the.

The S1 was notable in that it contained hardware extending the 6809's native 64 (64×2 10 ) addressing range to a full 1 (1×2 20 byte) in 4 KB pages. It was similar in this to machines produced by, and several other suppliers. TSC produced a Unix-like operating system which ran only on such machines. Level II, also took advantage of such memory management facilities. Most other computers of the time with more than 64 KB of memory addressing were limited to where much if not all the 64 KB was simply swapped for another section of memory, although in the case of the 6809, Motorola offered their own MC6829 design mapping 2 mebibytes (2×2 20 ) in 2 KB pages. The very first Macintosh prototype, by, contained a 6809.

Additionally, the 6809 processor was used in the mid-1980s through the early 2000s in Motorola SMARTNET and SMARTZONE Trunked Central Controllers (so dubbed the '6809 Controller'). These controllers were used as the central processors in many of Motorola's trunked two-way radio communications systems. Australian VHDL programmer John Kent synthesized the 6809 processor and it is freely available to hobbyists and others to use in FPGA designs. On some platforms the core has been clocked as high as 40 megahertz. References. Archived from on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-07-01.

though the assembly language is not a characteristic of the 6809 per se, as many assembly languages can be constructed for any given machine language: witness the assembly languages of the Z80 vs. The 8080, or the 8086/88 assembly language vs. The one that NEC developed for the V30/V20 (both cases of companies avoiding Intel's claimed copyrights on its assembly language mnemonics). This means that any number of modules can share any other (reentrant) module in common without synchronization, mutual exclusion controls, or other restrictions on their shared access. April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.

Stephen Nellis (25 July 2018). Archived from on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2012-10-21.

Simpson; Raveendran Paramesran (1998). Retrieved 2 April 2018. Hertzfeld, Andy (October 1980).

Retrieved 2009-12-29. Further reading.; Motorola (Freescale); 36 pages; 1983.; Motorola (Freescale); 34 pages.; Motorola (Freescale); 220 pages; 1981.; Lance Leventhal; Osborne/McGraw-Hill; 579 pages; 1981;. The MC6809 Cookbook; Carl Warren; TAB Books; 1980 pages;. A Microprocessor for the Revolution: The 6809; Terry Ritter & Joel Boney; BYTE Publications; 1979. MC6809 microprocessor; Ian Powers; Microprocessors, Volume 2, Issue 3; July 1978; page 162;,.

External links. – Collection of 6809 instructions, emulators, tools, debuggers, disassemblers and assemblers. – By Terry Ritter and Joel Boney, co-designers of the 6809; reproductions by tim lindner. – Usenet for 6809 enthusiasts.

By Chris Lomont. This article is based on material taken from the prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the 'relicensing' terms of the, version 1.3 or later. – In microelectronics, a dual in-line package, or dual in-line pin package is an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and two parallel rows of electrical connecting pins. The package may be mounted to a printed circuit board or inserted in a socket. Furthermore, square and rectangular packages made it easier to route printed-circuit traces beneath the packages, a DIP is usually referred to as a DIPn, where n is the total number of pins.

For example, a package with two rows of seven vertical leads would be a DIP14. The photograph at the right shows three DIP14 ICs. Common packages have as few as four and as many as 64 leads, many analog and digital integrated circuit types are available in DIP packages, as are arrays of transistors, switches, light emitting diodes, and resistors. DIP plugs for ribbon cables can be used with standard IC sockets, DIP packages are usually made from an opaque molded epoxy plastic pressed around a tin-, silver-, or gold-plated lead frame that supports the device die and provides connection pins. Some types of IC are made in ceramic DIP packages, where temperature or high reliability is required.

Most DIP packages are secured to a circuit board by inserting the pins through holes in the board. Where replacement of the parts is necessary, such as in test fixtures or where programmable devices must be removed for changes, some sockets include a zero insertion force mechanism.

DIP packages have been displaced by surface-mount package types, which avoid the expense of drilling holes in a printed circuit board. DIPs are commonly used for integrated circuits, other devices in DIP packages include resistor networks, DIP switches, LED segmented and bargraph displays, and electromechanical relays. DIP connector plugs for ribbon cables are common in computers and other electronic equipment, dallas Semiconductor manufactured integrated DIP real-time clock modules which contained an IC chip and a non-replaceable 10-year lithium battery. DIP header blocks on to which discrete components could be soldered were used where groups of components needed to be removed, for configuration changes. The original dual-in-line package was invented by Bryant Buck Rogers in 1964 while working for Fairchild Semiconductor, the first devices had 14 pins and looked much like they do today. The rectangular shape allowed integrated circuits to be packaged more densely than previous round packages, DIP packages were still large with respect to the integrated circuits within them.

By the end of the 20th century, surface-mount packages allowed further reduction in the size, DIP chips are still popular for circuit prototyping on a breadboard because of how easily they can be inserted and utilized there. DIPs were the mainstream of the industry in the 1970s and 80s 2. – A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computers central processing unit on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic, Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. The integration of a whole CPU onto a chip or on a few chips greatly reduced the cost of processing power. Integrated circuit processors are produced in numbers by highly automated processes resulting in a low per unit cost. Single-chip processors increase reliability as there are many electrical connections to fail.

As microprocessor designs get better, the cost of manufacturing a chip generally stays the same, before microprocessors, small computers had been built using racks of circuit boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors combined this into one or a few large-scale ICs, the internal arrangement of a microprocessor varies depending on the age of the design and the intended purposes of the microprocessor. Advancing technology makes more complex and powerful chips feasible to manufacture, a minimal hypothetical microprocessor might only include an arithmetic logic unit and a control logic section. The ALU performs operations such as addition, subtraction, and operations such as AND or OR, each operation of the ALU sets one or more flags in a status register, which indicate the results of the last operation. The control logic retrieves instruction codes from memory and initiates the sequence of operations required for the ALU to carry out the instruction, a single operation code might affect many individual data paths, registers, and other elements of the processor.

As integrated circuit technology advanced, it was feasible to manufacture more and more complex processors on a single chip, the size of data objects became larger, allowing more transistors on a chip allowed word sizes to increase from 4- and 8-bit words up to todays 64-bit words. Additional features were added to the architecture, more on-chip registers sped up programs. Floating-point arithmetic, for example, was not available on 8-bit microprocessors.

Integration of the point unit first as a separate integrated circuit and then as part of the same microprocessor chip. Occasionally, physical limitations of integrated circuits made such practices as a bit slice approach necessary, instead of processing all of a long word on one integrated circuit, multiple circuits in parallel processed subsets of each data word. With the ability to put large numbers of transistors on one chip and this CPU cache has the advantage of faster access than off-chip memory, and increases the processing speed of the system for many applications. Processor clock frequency has increased more rapidly than external memory speed, except in the recent past, a microprocessor is a general purpose system. Several specialized processing devices have followed from the technology, A digital signal processor is specialized for signal processing, graphics processing units are processors designed primarily for realtime rendering of 3D images 3. – The computer industry has used the term central processing unit at least since the early 1960s.

The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit chip. An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called cores, in that context, one can speak of such single chips as sockets. Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, there also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources. Early computers such as the ENIAC had to be rewired to perform different tasks. Since the term CPU is generally defined as a device for software execution, the idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J.

Presper Eckert and John William Mauchlys ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner. On June 30,1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC and it was the outline of a stored-program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949. EDVAC was designed to perform a number of instructions of various types. Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the wiring of the computer.

This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC, which was the considerable time, with von Neumanns design, the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory. Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger, however, this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities. This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit. The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers, both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones, the so-called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I, which was completed before EDVAC, also utilized a stored-program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory. Relays and vacuum tubes were used as switching elements, a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches, tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the Harvard Mark I failed very rarely.

In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems, most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs. Clock signal frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time, the design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices 4.

– The 6800 was an 8-bit microprocessor designed and first manufactured by Motorola in 1974. The MC6800 microprocessor was part of the M6800 Microcomputer System that also included serial and parallel interface ICs, RAM, ROM, a significant design feature was that the M6800 family of ICs required only a single five-volt power supply at a time when most other microprocessors required three voltages. The M6800 Microcomputer System was announced in March 1974 and was in production by the end of that year.

The 6800 architecture and instruction set were influenced by the then popular Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 mini computer, the 6800 has a 16-bit address bus that could directly access 64 KB of memory and an 8-bit bi-directional data bus. It has 72 instructions with seven addressing modes for a total of 197 opcodes, the original MC6800 could have a clock frequency of up to 1 MHz.

Later versions had a clock frequency of 2 MHz. In addition to the ICs, Motorola also provided an assembly language development system. The customer could use the software on a timeshare computer or on an in-house minicomputer system.

The Motorola EXORciser was a computer built with the M6800 ICs that could be used for prototyping and debugging new designs. The 6800 was popular in computer peripherals, test equipment applications, the MC6802, introduced in 1977, included 128 bytes of RAM and an internal clock oscillator on chip. The MC6801 and MC6805 included with RAM, ROM and I/O on a single chip were popular in automotive applications, galvin Manufacturing Corporation was founded in 1928, the company name was changed to Motorola in 1947. They began commercial production of transistors at a new US$1.5 million facility in Phoenix in 1955, Motorolas transistors and integrated circuits were used in-house for their communication, military, automotive and consumer products and they were also sold to other companies. By 1973 the Semiconductor Products Division had sales of $419 million and was the second largest semiconductor company after Texas Instruments, in the early 1970s Motorola started a project that developed their first microprocessor, the MC6800.

This was followed by single-chip microcontrollers such as the MC6801 and MC6805, Motorola did not chronicle the development of the 6800 microprocessor the way that Intel did for their microprocessors. In 2008 the Computer History Museum interviewed four members of the 6800 microprocessor design team and their recollections can be confirmed and expanded by magazine and journal articles written at the time.

They were all located in Mesa, Arizona, by the time the project was finished, Bennett had 17 chip designers and layout people working on five chips. LaVell had 15 to 20 system engineers and there was another applications engineering group of similar size, Tom Bennett had a background in industrial controls and had worked for Victor Comptometer in the 1960s designing the first electronic calculator to use MOS ICs, the Victor 3900.

In May 1969 Ted Hoff showed Bennett early diagrams of the Intel 4004 to see if it would meet their calculator needs, Bennett joined Motorola in 1971 to design calculator ICs 5. – The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by a small team led by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology.

When it was introduced in 1975, the 6502 was, by a considerable margin and it initially sold for less than one-sixth the cost of competing designs from larger companies, such as Motorola and Intel, and caused rapid decreases in pricing across the entire processor market. Along with the Zilog Z80, it sparked a series of projects that resulted in the computer revolution of the early 1980s. Popular home video consoles and computers, such as Atari, Apple II, Nintendo Entertainment System, Commodore PET and others. Soon after the 6502s introduction, MOS Technology was purchased outright by Commodore International, in the early days of the 6502, it was second-sourced by Rockwell and Synertek, and later licensed to other companies.

The 6502 was designed by many of the engineers that had designed the Motorola 6800 microprocessor family. Motorola started the 6800 microprocessor project in 1971 with Tom Bennett as the main architect, the chip layout began in late 1972, the first 6800 chips were fabricated in February 1974 and the full family was officially released in November 1974. John Buchanan was the designer of the 6800 chip and Rod Orgill, Bill Mensch joined Motorola in June 1971 after graduating from the University of Arizona. His first assignment was helping define the peripheral ICs for the 6800 family, Motorolas engineers could run analog and digital simulations on an IBM 370-165 mainframe computer. Bennett hired Chuck Peddle in 1973 to do architectural work on the 6800 family products already in progress.

He contributed in areas, including the design of the 6850 ACIA. Motorolas target customers were established electronics companies such as Hewlett-Packard, Tektronix, TRW, in May 1972, Motorolas engineers began visiting select customers and sharing the details of their proposed 8-bit microprocessor system with ROM, RAM, parallel and serial interfaces. In early 1974, they provided engineering samples of the chips so that customers could prototype their designs, Motorolas total product family strategy did not focus on the price of the microprocessor, but on reducing the customers total design cost.

They offered development software on a computer, the EXORciser system debugging system, onsite training. Both Intel and Motorola had initially announced a price for a single microprocessor.

The actual price for production quantities was much less, Motorola offered a design kit containing the 6800 with six support chips for $300. Peddle, who would accompany the people on customer visits. To lower the price, the IC chip size would have to shrink so that more chips could be produced on each silicon wafer and this could be done by removing inessential features in the 6800 and using a newer fabrication technology, depletion-mode MOS transistors 6. – The Dragon 32 and Dragon 64 are home computers that were built in the 1980s.

The model numbers reflect the difference between the two machines, which have 32 and 64 kilobytes of RAM, respectively. In the early 1980s, the British home computer market was booming, new machines were released almost monthly. In August 1982, Dragon Data joined the fray with the Dragon 32, the computers sold quite well initially and attracted the interest of several independent software developers, most notably Microdeal. A magazine, Dragon User, also began shortly after the machines launch. The Dragon was also unable to display lower-case letters easily, some more sophisticated applications would synthesise them using high-resolution graphics modes. Simpler programs just managed without lower case and this effectively locked it out of the then-blooming educational market. As a result of limitations, the Dragon was not a commercial success.

The Dragon is built around the Motorola MC6809E processor running at 0.89 MHz and this was an advanced 8-bit CPU design, having, among other things, limited 16-bit capabilities. Manufacturing variances mean that not all Dragons are able to function at higher speed. POKE65494,0 returns the speed to normal, POKE65497,0 pushes the speed yet higher but the display is lost until a slower speed is restored. The Dragon also used the SN74LS783/MC6883 Synchronous Address Multiplexer and the MC6847 Video Display Generator, i/O was provided by two MC6821 Peripheral Interface Adapters.

Many Dragon 32s were upgraded by their owners to 64 kB of memory, a few were further expanded to 128 kB,256 kB, or 512 kB, with home-built memory controllers/memory management units. A broad range of peripherals exist for the Dragon 32/64, although neither machine has a built-in disk operating system, DragonDOS was supplied as part of the disk controller interface from Dragon Data Ltd. The numerous external ports, including the standard RS-232 on the 64, an unusual feature was a monitor port for connection of a computer monitor, as an alternative to the TV output. This was rarely used due to the cost of dedicated monitors at that time, the port is actually a Composite Video port and can be used to connect the Dragon 32 to most modern TVs to deliver a much better picture. The Dragon uses analogue joysticks, unlike most systems of the time used less versatile.

Other uses for the ports include light pens 7. – The Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer is a line of home computers based on the Motorola 6809 processor. The Color Computer was launched in 1980, and lasted through three generations of hardware until being discontinued in 1991. Despite bearing the TRS-80 name, the Color Computer is a departure from the earlier TRS-80, in particular it has a Motorola 6809E processor. Thus, despite the name, the new machine is not compatible with software made for the old TRS-80. The Motorola 6809E was a processor for the time, but was correspondingly more expensive than other, more popular. Competing machines such as the Apple II, Commodore VIC-20, the Commodore 64, the Atari 400, some of these computers were paired with dedicated sound and graphics chips and were much more commercially successful in the 1980s home computer market.

The Tandy Color Computer line started in 1980 with what is now called the CoCo 1 and ended in 1991 with the more powerful, yet similar CoCo 3. All three CoCo models maintained a level of software and hardware compatibility, with few programs written for the older model not running on the newer ones. The death knell of the CoCo was the advent of lower-cost IBM PC clones, the TRS-80 Color Computer started out as a joint venture between Tandy Corporation of Fort Worth, Texas and Motorola Semiconductor, Inc.

Of Austin, to develop a low-cost home computer in 1977. The initial goal of project, called Green Thumb, was to create a low cost Videotex terminal for farmers, ranchers. This terminal would connect to a line and an ordinary color television. Motorolas MC6847 Video Display Generator chip was released about the time as the joint venture started. At the core of the prototype Green Thumb terminal, the MC6847, along with the MC6809 microprocessor unit, unfortunately, the prototype contained too many chips to be commercially viable. Motorola solved this problem by integrating all the functions of the many smaller chips into one chip, by that time in late 1979, the new and powerful Motorola MC6809 processor was released.

The SAM, VDG, and 6809 were combined and the AgVision terminal was born, the AgVision terminal was also sold through Radio Shack stores as the VideoTex terminal around 1980. Internal differences, if any, are unclear, as not many AgVision terminals survive to this day, with its proven design, the VideoTex terminal contains all the basic components for a general-purpose home computer. The internal modem was removed, and I/O ports for storage, serial I/O. An expansion connector was added to the side of the case for future enhancements and program cartridges 8. – The Vectrex is a vector display-based home video game console that was developed by Western Technologies/Smith Engineering.

It was licensed and distributed first by General Consumer Electronics, the Vectrex exited the console market in early 1984. Unlike other non-portable video game consoles, which connected to televisions and rendered raster graphics, the Vectrex is monochrome and uses plastic screen overlays to simulate color and various static graphics and decorations. Vectrex comes with a game, Mine Storm.

Two peripherals were available for the Vectrex, a light pen. The Vectrex was also released in Japan under the name Bandai Vectrex Kousokusen, in the U. The model number of the Vectrex is HP-3000. The idea for the Vectrex was conceived by John Ross of Smith Engineering in late 1980 and he, Mike Purvis, Tom Sloper, and Steve Marking had gone to Electro-Mavin, a surplus warehouse in Los Angeles. They found a 1 cathode ray tube from a heads-up display, a demonstration of a vector-drawing cathode ray tube display was made by connecting the deflection yoke in a standard television to the channels of a stereo amplifier fed with music program material.

An axillary yoke was used to keep the raster televisions horizontal fly-back high-voltage system running, the demo led to a system originally conceived as a handheld called the Mini Arcade, but as Smith Engineering shopped the idea around to developers, it evolved into a tabletop with nine-inch screen. The system was licensed to General Consumer Electronics in 1981.

After an exceptionally brief hardware and software development period, the Vectrex was unveiled in July of the year at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago. It was released to the public in November, just in time for the holidays, the launch sales were strong enough that Milton Bradley bought out General Consumer Electronics in early 1983. Milton Bradleys greater resources allowed the Vectrex to be released in parts of Europe within a few months of the buyout, however, the Video game crash of 1983 turned Milton Bradleys support of the Vectrex into a costly mistake. In May 1984, Milton Bradley merged with Hasbro, and the Vectrex was discontinued a few months after, over its lifetime, it had cost Milton Bradley tens of millions of dollars.

Prior to the Vectrexs discontinuation, a console with a color screen had been planned. After the rights reverted to Smith Engineering, the company plans to revive the Vectrex as a handheld. In the mid-1990s, Jay Smith, then head of Smith Engineering, the Vectrex was the first and only home-based system to ever use a vector-based screen. It was also the first home system to offer a 3D peripheral, in 1984, the Vectrex was a commercial failure, due in part to its release just prior to the North American video game crash of 1983 9. – The Z80 CPU is an 8-bit based microprocessor. It was introduced by Zilog in 1976 as the companys first product. The Z80 was conceived by Federico Faggin in late 1974 and developed by him and his employees at Zilog from early 1975 until March 1976.

With the revenue from the Z80, the company built its own chip factories, the Zilog Z80 was a software compatible extension and enhancement of the Intel 8080 and, like it, was mainly aimed at embedded systems. In the early 1980s, the Z80 was the most commonly used CPU of all time, Zilog licensed the Z80 to the US-based Synertek and Mostek, that had helped them with initial production, as well as to a European second source manufacturer, SGS. The design was copied also by several Japanese, East European and Russian manufacturers and this enabled the Z80 to gain acceptance in the world market since large companies like NEC, Toshiba, Sharp, and Hitachi, started to manufacture the device. The Z80 came about when physicist Federico Faggin left Intel at the end of 1974 to found Zilog with Ralph Ungermann, at Fairchild Semiconductor, and later at Intel, Faggin had been working on fundamental transistor and semiconductor manufacturing technology. He also developed the design methodology used for memories and microprocessors at Intel and led the work on the Intel 4004.

Masatoshi Shima, the logic and transistor level-designer of the 4004. By March 1976, Zilog had developed the Z80 as well as an accompanying assembler based development system for its customers, and by July 1976, early Z80s were manufactured by Synertek and Mostek, before Zilog had its own manufacturing factory ready, in late 1976. Masatoshi Shima designed most of the microarchitecture as well as the gate and transistor levels of the Z80 CPU, assisted by a number of engineers.

CEO Federico Faggin was actually involved in the chip layout work. Faggin worked 80 hours a week in order to meet the tight schedule given by the financial investors, a non maskable interrupt which can be used to respond to power down situations and/or other high priority events. Two separate register files, which could be switched, to speed up response to interrupts such as fast asynchronous event handlers or a multitasking dispatcher. Although they were not intended as extra registers for general code, less hardware required for power supply, clock generation and interface to memory and I/O Single 5-volt power supply. A built-in DRAM refresh mechanism that would otherwise have to be provided by external circuitry, a special reset function which clears only the program counter so that a single Z80 CPU could be used in a development system such as an in-circuit emulator. The Z80 took over from the 8080 and its offspring, the 8085, in the processor market, perhaps a key to the initial success of the Z80 was the built-in DRAM refresh, and other features which allowed systems to be built with fewer support chips.

For the original NMOS design, the specified upper frequency limit increased successively from the introductory 2.5 MHz, via the well known 4 MHz 10. – A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small block of semiconducting material, on which a given functional circuit is fabricated. Typically, integrated circuits are produced in batches on a single wafer of electronic-grade silicon or other semiconductor through processes such as photolithography. The wafer is cut into pieces, each containing one copy of the circuit.

Each of these pieces is called a die, there are three commonly used plural forms, dice, dies, and die. A typical stack, storing local data and call information for nested procedure calls (not necessarily s). This stack grows downward from its origin.

The stack pointer points to the current topmost on the stack. A push operation decrements the pointer and copies the data to the stack; a pop operation copies data from the stack and then increments the pointer. Each procedure called in the program stores procedure return information (in yellow) and local data (in other colors) by pushing them onto the stack. This type of stack implementation is extremely common, but it is vulnerable to attacks (see the text).